SOIL FERTILITY

Nevedrov N.P., Kavunbaeva K.M., Kurakulova A.A. (9202635354@mail.ru)

Influence of biochar on biological and physicochemical properties of Grey-Luvic Phaeozems Hortic in cultivation of cereals and legumes in the Kursk region

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-001

To study the effect of biochar from spent mushroom blocks on the biological, physical, and agrochemical properties of Grey-Luvic Phaeozems Hortic and the productivity of legumes and cereal crops. Biochar was obtained from spent straw-based substrates used in the production of xylotrophic fungi. The properties of biochar were studied in a small-plot field experiment, where three doses of biochar (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/m²) were tested. Experimental results showed that soil treatment with biochar reduced the carbon footprint of cereal crop cultivation using Grey-Luvic Phaeozems Hortic by 16.8-44.3%, decreasing soil CO₂ emissions and increasing yields by 5.4-25.4%. A priming effect of biochar on the soil microbiome of Grey-Luvic Phaeozems Hortic was also observed, manifested in an increase in the number of soil microorganisms: bacteria by up to 1.25 times, micromycetes by up to 2.1 times, and actinomycetes by up to 1.5 times, which was clearly observed in the first year after application. The studied biochar also alkalized the soil solution and increased the stability of the soil structure.

Keywords: soil CO₂ emission, micromycetes, bacteria, actinomycetes, productivity, crop yield, water stability of soil structure.

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Okorkov V.V., Okorkova L.A., Lebedeva A.E. (Okorkovvv@yandex.ru)

Role of weather conditions and fertilizers in the formation of nitrogen nitrate in Grey Forest soil and yield of spring wheat

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-002

Results of studies on the influence of weather conditions on the formation of nitrate nitrogen and the yield of spring wheat Ladiya when fertilizers are applied at gray forest soil of the Vladimir Opolye zone are presented. The studies were conducted in years with a variation in the hydrothermal coefficient according to Selyaninov from 0.54 to 1.79. Depending on the fertilizers used, the grain yield of spring wheat varied from 38.1-47.0 to 63.2-73.0 centners per hectare in favorable years, and from 24.0-25.6 to 36.8-42.2 centners per hectare in years with natural limiting factors. The amount of moisture consumed to produce 1 centner of grain and its consumption from the 40-100 cm soil layer were determined, with 71.6 to 321 mm of precipitation falling during the growing season. The variation in crop yield due to the use of nitrogen mineral fertilizers and cattle manure, as well as their interaction, ranged from 92.1 to 95.7%. Yield of spring wheat varied by 69.5-88.9% depending on the reserves of nitrate nitrogen formed before full germination, and by 87.8-94.9% depending on the reserves formed before germination and from germination to ear emergence. It was found that in the variants of applying manure doses and their combination with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, the absolute and relative amounts of N-NO₃ formation before the full germination of wheat crops were significantly lower than in the combination of manure doses with NPK, which determined the differences in yields in the fertilizer systems. It was found that in cool summers with moderate rainfall, the yield of spring wheat increased equally from the number of productive stems and the number of grains in the ear, while in hot summers, it increased from the number of grains in the ear. These parameters increased with the growth of N-NO₃ reserves during the early stages of wheat vegetation.

Keywords: gray forest soil, Vladimir Opolye, spring wheat, weather conditions, fertilizers, yield, and nitrate nitrogen.

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FERTILIZER AND HARVEST

Kartabaeva B.B., Fedotova V.A., Budynkov N.I., Mikhaleva S.N., Ulyanenko L.N., Demin D.V. (kartabaeva040893@mail.ru)

Influence of different ways of new biostimulant applying on the yield and grain quality of spring barley of Nur variety

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-003

The article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of a new biostimulant (BS), obtained from plant materials, in increasing the yield and improving the grain quality of the spring barley variety Nur. A small-plot experiment was conducted at the field base of the FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology in 2024, and a production experiment was conducted in 2025 on the fields of the Naro-Osanovsky Breeding Farm (Moscow Region). Before sowing in 2024, barley seeds were treated with BS at concentrations of 10^-4 ml/l, 10^-5 and 10^-6 ml/l (100 l/t) together with the fungicide seed treatment Scarlet, CE; standard – Epin-Extra, S, 0.2 l/t. The control variant was without the use of BS. In a 2025 production trial, against the background of the integrated plant protection from pests adopted on the farm, crops were treated during the tillering phase with BS at a concentration of 10^-6 ml/l (150 ml/ha) as part of a tank mix (herbicides Ballerina, SE + Bomba, VDG + fungicide Kolosal Pro, CME) or Epin-Extra, S. The use of BS at concentrations of 10^-5 and 10^-6 ml/l in a small-plot field trial resulted in an increase in barley grain yield of 0.20 and 0.17 t/ha (7.5 and 6.4%), compared to a yield of 2.66 t/ha in the control. The proportion of crude protein in the experimental variants, compared to the control (12.16%), was 2.06 and 2.38% higher, respectively (p < 0.05). In the 2025 production experiment, within the framework of the standard barley production technology, the yield increase reached 1.48 t/ha (p < 0.05), the difference in the proportion of crude protein in the BS 10^-6 variant was 1.69% (in the control 13.77%).

Keywords: spring barley, new biostimulant, efficiency, yield, grain quality

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Karpovich D.A., Gasparyan I.N. (danyay@mail.ru, irina150170@yandex.ru)

Productivity of spring barley with the use of non-fodders with organic-mineral and microbiological fertilizers

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-004

This article presents the results of studies evaluating the effectiveness of organomineral and microbiological fertilizers on spring barley of the Mikhailovsky variety in the Moscow region. Double treatment with Ecofus, SL, Marvel Organics, SL, and Biogor, SL at the third leaf stage and at the end of booting influenced biometric parameters. Leaf area increased by 20-30% with foliar feeding. The use of agrochemicals contributed to a significant increase in crop yield. A significant increase of approximately 5 c/ha was achieved in all experimental treatments using them compared to the treatment without foliar feeding. The most effective treatment was the one with two applications of Biogor SL, resulting in an average spring barley yield of 45.4 c/ha over two years, 15% higher than the control.

Keywords: microbiological fertilizers, spring barley, photosynthesis, plant treatment, organomineral fertilizers, productive tillering, yield.

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Safiollin R.R., Lukmanov A.A., Serzhanov I.M., Suleymanov S.R., Khuzina G.K. (dusai@mail.ru, Gulina1585@mail.ru, tatarstan@rosah.ru)

Comparative assessment of response of zoned sunflower varieties and hybrids to application of calculated dozes of mineral fertilizers on Grey Forest soils of the Republic of Tatarstan

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-005

The paper examines the application of calculated rates of mineral fertilizers for the planned yields of sunflower oilseed raw material at 2.5 and 3.0 t/ha. The studies established that yield, payback of mineral fertilizers, and quality of the final product largely depend on the biological characteristics of the varieties and hybrids of this crop. Thus, from an economic point of view, on the grey forest soils of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is most profitable to cultivate the standard sunflower variety Rodnik, developed by ARSRI for Oilseed breeding, on the calculated fertilizer background N₁₀₇P₃₀K₁₂₃ (planned yield 2.5 t/ha). In this case, production profitability increases to 39.6% compared with 34.4% without fertilizer application. In order to obtain 2.75 and 2.85 t/ha of oilseed raw material with a crude fat content of more than 50%, suitable for the production of high-quality vegetable oil, the hybrids Sanmarin 421 of Russian breeding and Suzuka of the Chinese company Syngenta, with production costs of 23.2 and 20.3 thousand rubles per ton, respectively, at an average selling price of 32.0 thousand rubles per ton, should be cultivated on the mineral nutrition background N₁₂₈P₃₆K₁₄₈, calculated for obtaining 3.0 t/ha of oilseed raw material.

Keywords: varieties and hybrids, yield, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, NPK payback, product quality, profitability, and production cost.

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Kudryavtsev A.E., Sorokin A.S., Vaganov E.S. (kae5959@mail.ru, ziminskoe@mail.ru, aleysk@rosah.ru)

Comparative assessment of traditional and nature-like agrarian systems using digital technologies in the moderately arid steppe of Altai

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-006

Evaluation of traditional and nature-like farming systems (no-till) revealed that when cultivating spring wheat on leached medium-loam chernozems in the moderately arid Altai steppe, the nature-like system produces greater productive moisture reserves and, taking into account growing season precipitation, allows for the formation of 5.4 t/ha. Compared to the traditional system, reserves are satisfactory, but yield potential is 15% lower. Comparing soil temperatures during the growing season in the 20-cm layer, it can be concluded that average values in the traditional farming system are just over 20°C, while in no-till, soil temperatures are characterized by 18.5°C. Soil temperature influences soil moisture behavior. Its range during the growing season in a field with a natural-like system is in the range of 9-26%, while in a traditional system it is 6-34%. The properties discussed above determine a wide range of H+ ion activity in the soil solution, from 4.8 to 7.3, while in a field with a natural-like farming system, pH variability is 5.4-6.9. The behavior of mobile nitrogen during the growing season in the studied farming systems, based on average sample values, is at very low, low, and medium levels of availability, ranging from 5.8 to 15.9 mg/kg in the 0-20 cm layer. In traditional farming, its minimum content can drop to 1 mg/kg of soil, and the maximum level to 22 mg/kg. In nature-like farming, the corresponding levels are 5.0-30 mg/kg of soil, which correspond to low and high availability. To objectively evaluate the studied systems, biometric, functional, and remote diagnostics were conducted, which allowed us to establish an account of vegetative mass growth by development phases, the NDVI index, and the excess and deficiency of nutrients for regulating foliar feeding. Thus, after conducting a comparative assessment of farming systems, it was established that a projected soil cover formed by mulch, stubble, and the root system of the preceding crop stabilizes optimal soil temperature, water, and, consequently, physical and chemical properties. Using digital technologies, it was determined that in the 0-20 cm layer, parameters such as soil temperature, moisture, pH, and available nitrogen content are optimally effective in a nature-like farming system compared to a traditional one. This allows for a 21% increase in spring wheat productivity.

Keywords: agrosoils, fertility, degradation, no-till farming system, digital technologies, conductometry software and hardware complex, soil temperature, humidity, environmental response, water-soluble nitrogen.

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Agafonov V.A. (vik.a58@mail.ru)

Effect of mineral nutrition and meliorant on wheat productivity and soil fertility in the forest-steppe of the Baikal region

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-007

The results of field experiments (2023-2025) are presented to study the effect of the joint use of mineral fertilizers with different doses of application and lime in a fruit-shifting crop rotation on the productivity of spring wheat, preservation and increase of soil fertility. Long-term studies were carried out in the forest-steppe zone in the experimental field of the Irkutsk Research Institute of Agriculture – branch of the SFSCA of the RAS. In a four-field fruit-shifting crop rotation: corn, barley + clover, clover, wheat, they studied the effectiveness of cultivating spring wheat of the Buryat spinous variety on the background without lime and lime of 0.5 h.a. (5.7 t/ha), the use of mineral fertilizers: 1. without fertilizers; 2. NP; 3. PK; 4. NK; 5. NPK. Soil preparation for sowing was carried out in a generally accepted way for grain crops of the Baikal region, which consisted of autumn finch plowing, early spring harrowing. It was established that without lime application, the wheat yield was within the range of 2.25-2.72 t/ha, against the background of fertilizers with lime, the yield was 2.50-2.96 t/ha and the highest – 2.96 t/ha was provided by the N₉₀Р₆₀К₉₀ variant. Gross harvest of grain units (z. units) for crop rotation against a background without lime – 9.43-12.14 tons and from 1 hectare – 2,22-2.84 tons, and against the background with lime for crop rotation was 11,12-14.41 tons, and from 1 hectare – 2.61-3.34 tons. Studies on the change in the agrochemical properties of gray forest soil showed that the pH_KCl value in 2025, compared to 2023, increased on all mineral food backgrounds without lime application from 0.2 to 0.5.

Keywords: mineral fertilizers, lime, spring wheat, yield, productivity, gross harvest, agrochemical properties of soil, profitability.

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PLANT PROTECTION

Grinko A.V., Polienko E.A., Donetskaya V.M. (polienkoe468@gmail.com)

Impact of chisel and minimal soil tillage on efficiency of soil herbicides in sunflower cultivation

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-008

The research was conducted with the aim of improving the weed control system in sunflower crops based on assessing the influence of primary tillage methods and the application of soil-applied herbicides. The work was carried out in 2022-2024 under conditions of unstable moisture in the Rostov region, where the Hydrothermal Coefficient during the growing season ranged from 0.2 to 1.1. The influence of primary tillage on the species composition of the weed community was established: under chisel tillage, the community was represented by annual species, while under minimum tillage, the proportion of perennial weeds such as field bindweed, field thistle and rough meadowgrass increased. The research confirmed the decisive influence of the primary tillage method on the efficacy of soil-applied herbicides and the productivity of the Revansh sunflower hybrid under the conditions of the Rostov region. Chisel tillage contributed to higher biological efficacy of the studied herbicides. On the 30th day after treatment, the efficacy in suppressing the total weed density at the low application rate was 80.7-89.8%, and at the high rate, it was 93.2-96.6% relative to the control. Against the background of minimum tillage, the efficacy of soil-applied herbicides was 61.0-66.0% and 77.0-79.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the average yield for 2022-2024 under chisel tillage was 16.5 ц/ha, with the proportion of yield preserved through herbicide use being 11.9-22.0% compared to the control. Under minimum tillage, the figures were 13.6 ц/ha and 8.5-13.8%, respectively.

Keywords: sunflower, chisel tillage, minimum tillage (disking), soil herbicides, yield.

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Tsybikov B.B., Sobolev V.А., Batudaev A.P. (180376@mail.ru, sobolevaw@mail.ru, anton_batudaev@mail.ru)

Optimization of tank mixtures of herbicides to increase the productivity of spring wheat on chernozems in the steppe zone of the Republic of Buryatia

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-009

In the steppe zone of the Republic of Buryatia, weed vegetation is a key limiting factor in the productivity of spring wheat, especially in the conditions of climatic aridization. Evaluation of the biological efficiency and impact of tank mixtures of the herbicides Kentavr + Nord Stream at various dosages on the weediness of crops and the yield of the spring wheat variety Baikalskaya is presented. The field experiment was conducted in 2022-2024 on chernozem soils. It was found that the effectiveness of herbicides depends on the annual variability of the climate and the structure of the weed community. In 2022-2023, tank mixtures provided high biological efficiency (81.7-93.5%), completely suppressing dicotyledonous weeds and reducing the number of wild millet by 79.5-93.0%. In 2024, there was a transformation in the phytosanitary background: the dominance of young dicotyledonous weeds (Tatar buckwheat, annual wormwood) led to a decrease in overall efficiency to 73-76%. Weed control treatments significantly increased the yield by 15.5-35.8%, depending on the year, with an average increase of 3.6 kg/ha. No statistically significant differences were found between the dosage options. A direct correlation was observed between the effectiveness of weed control and the productivity of the crop. The results confirm the feasibility of using the tank mixtures Kentavr + Nord Stream in the steppe zone of Buryatia, but require the rotation of herbicides from a different chemical class.

Keywords: spring wheat, weeds, herbicides, tank mixtures, biological efficiency, yield.

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REVIEWS

Degtyareva I.A., Zubkova A.D., Rakhmanova G.F. (peace-1963@mail.ru, gulnara_rakhmanova@mail.ru, zubkovaad@mail.ru)

Assessment of phytotoxicity of packaged grounds

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-010

The aim of the work is to evaluate the phytotoxicity of packaged grounds presented on the Russian market. For biotesting with a test plant (spring wheat Ulyanovskaya-105), four types of grounds and three soil samples were selected. The studies of germination energy, emergence, morpho- and biometric parameters of Triticum aestivum L. were carried out in laboratory experiments according to the following scheme: 1) C – control; 2) S 1 – soil without plants; 3) S 2 – gray forest soil; 4) S 3 – soil from a greenhouse; 5) SG 1 – universal ground («Trade house ARS» LLC.); 6) SG 2 – seedling ground (KEVA BIOTERRA); 7) SG 3 – flower ground (JSC «Paranginskoye Peat Enterprise»); 8) SG 4 – universal ground (TERRA VITA). Initially, monitoring of fourteen companies producing specialized soil mixtures was carried out, and firms producing various categories of ground were ranked - universal, for seedlings, greenhouses and flowers, etc. Only «Fasko+» LLC. produces all four categories of soil (universal, for seedlings, greenhouses and flowers). Three categories with different names can be purchased from three manufacturers – «Torfyanaya Kompaniya», «Veltorf» and «Fabrika Gruntov» LLC. Five companies («Gera», «Pelgorskoe-M» LLC., «Nevatorf», «Russian Peat Company», and «Magic of Nature») represent two categories of soil, while «Vasilievsky Mokh» LLC., «Permagrobusiness», «Ogorodnik», «Mir Gruntov», and «Nord Pulp» LLC. represent one category. Then, biotesting of the most popular grounds in Russian retail chains was carried out. In terms of the overall positive effect on germination energy, emergence, morpho- and biometric indicators of spring wheat, the best soil samples are S 1 and S 2 (gray forest soil), while the soil from the greenhouse (S 3) is noticeably inferior to them. According to the complex of soil biotesting data, the seedling variety is optimal, followed by universal varieties, and the flower variety is the last in the row. According to the biotesting data, the best ground is the seedling ground, followed by the universal ground, and then the flower ground.

Keywords: soilground, spring wheat, seeds sprouting energy, germination, microbial coenosis.

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Kazhgaliev A.S., Melnik S.V., Rodin K.A., Novikov A.A. (novikov@riagro.ru)

Application of growth regulators for agricultural cultures to increase the content of phenolic compounds

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-011

A review and analysis of the research findings by Russian and international scientists on the influence of plant growth regulators on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in various agricultural crops is presented. Researchers propose amino acids, microalgae, and microbiological preparations as plant growth regulators for enhancing the synthesis of phenolic compounds. Among the amino acids, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the most widely used in research, applied at concentrations of 100-200 mg/L. The analyzed studies recommend the use of microalgae belonging to the following species: blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), such as Arthrospira platensi, and green algae (Chlorophyta), including Chlorella spp., with working solution concentrations ranging from 0.25-5%. Microbiological preparations contained Trichoderma at concentrations of 1 x 10⁸ and 1 x 10⁷ CFU. It has been proven that the use of biostimulants in crop cultivation allows for the production of agricultural raw materials with enhanced antioxidant properties. Potatoes with pigmented flesh, which serve as a source of anthocyanins, deserve special attention in addressing the issue of specialized nutrition. Domestic breeders are developing new promising varieties containing different qualitative and quantitative anthocyanin compositions. However, the realization of these varieties' potential depends on the agricultural practices used in their cultivation, which enable the production of crops with predetermined quality characteristics.

Keywords: potato, phenolic substances, anthocyanins, biological growth regulators, amino acids, microalgae.

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Bredikhin V.V., Zazdravnykh E.A., Zhuikov D.V. (ea.zazdravnykh@rainvest.ru, belgorod31@rosah.ru)

Use of animal by-products, crop yields and ecological state of soils

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-012

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the agroecological effectiveness of the use of by-products of animal husbandry (PPF) as organic fertilizers. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal doses and modes of application of PPF, to assess their impact on crop yields, the balance of nutrients and heavy metals in the soil, as well as on the ecological state of agrocenoses. The methodological basis was generalization of data from domestic and foreign scientific publications, regulatory documents and the results of long-term field experiments conducted in the Belgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk regions and the Republic of Belarus on chernozem and soddy-podzolic soils. The greatest agronomic and ecological efficiency was achieved when liquid pig manure was applied at a nitrogen dose of 300 kg/ha (150 t/ha), which reduced nitrogen migration beyond the arable layer by 8-40%. At the same time, liquid manure runoff is considered as an organic-mineral meliorant that simultaneously performs two functions: fertilizing to cover the needs of crops and humidifying, as additional irrigation of the soil with a liquid fraction to maintain optimal humidity, which is valuable in regions with arid climates. It was found that in order to shift the humus content by 0.01%, 135.4 t/ha of manure runoff must be introduced, while the risk of accumulation of copper and zinc was identified. Two years of wastewater treatment increased the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in the soil by 1.7-2.5 times, and the number of ammonifying bacteria by up to 45 times. The scientifically based use of pig manure is an effective way to increase yields and soil fertility, but requires strict rationing, nutrient balance control, and heavy metal content monitoring to minimize environmental risks.

Keywords: by-products of animal husbandry, manure runoff, nitrogen, heavy metals, environmental risks.

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YOUNG SCIENTISTS RESEARCHES

Naumov A.V. (scientific supervisor – professor, Dr.Sci. O.A. Makarov) (shekspir.99@mail.ru)

Determination of the critical erosion flow rate for modified soil (moraine loam)

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-013

The paper examines some indicators of anti-erosion resistance of soils (PES) modified with additives (peat gel and polyacrylamide) in comparison with the control moraine loam. Based on the results of modeling water erosion on an average erosion trough, the values of critical erosion velocities of the water flow for five soil variants were obtained. The efficiency of separate and joint application of soil modifiers to PES for moraine loam has been demonstrated. The studied moraine loam belonged to the so-called «excavation» soils, which are extracted to the surface during construction work. The proven effectiveness of improving some properties (in this case, increasing the erosion resistance) of moraine loam using modifiers opens up the possibility of using moraine loam for on-site remediation purposes, without logistical costs.

Keywords: moraine loam, anti-erosion resistance, peat gel, polyacrylamide, critical erosion rate.

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Bondarenko M.L. (scientific supervisor – assistant professor, Ph.D. O.V. Nesterova) (bondarenko.ml@dvfu.ru, nesterova.ov@dvfu.ru)

Comparative characteristics of humus substances from natural objects

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-014

Comparative analysis of the basic parameters of organic matter of different genesis – humic acids obtained from various natural objects (peat, soils, vermicomposts, sapropel, sulfide-silt muds, and zoocomposts). The main criteria for evaluation were the amount of organic carbon, the group composition of humus (HA, FA, and Hum), optical density values, and the color index (E4/E6). The study revealed that organic substrates have the highest organic carbon content, while soils have the lowest; most of the studied objects have a humate-fulvate type of humus, and vermicomposts have the most condensed aromatic core of humic acid molecules, while peat has the least condensed core.

Keywords: organic matter, humus, humic acids, optical density, E4/E6 ratio.

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Kayumov A.M. (scientific supervisor – Dr.Sci. S.A. Shafran) (kayumov_ajrat@mail.ru)

Effect of forms of nitrogen fertilizers on productivity of spring wheat varieties at soddy-podzolic soil

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2026-2-015

The influence of forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of various varieties of spring wheat in the Central Non-Chernozem zone has been studied. At soddy-podzolic, heavy loamy soil with high acidity and very low content of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and with an average content of mobile phosphorus and potassium on a natural background, it is possible to obtain a yield of spring wheat grain from 20,6 to 24,5 centners per hectare in different varieties. As different forms of nitrogen fertilizers are applied, yields can increase to 49,9 centners per hectare selectively according to the Radmira variety. On average, the grain yield of the three studied varieties of soft spring wheat with the addition of ammonium nitrate ranged from 36,5 to 39,5 centners per hectare, and from 31,7 to 40,7 centners per hectare with carbamide. According to the data obtained, the maximum contribution to the formation of the yield of spring wheat grain was obtained with the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The reviewed experimental results have shown that the contribution to the formation of grain yields varies from 22 to 36 percent worldwide.

Keywords: soddy-podzolic soil, spring wheat, weather conditions.