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Главный редактор: И.С. Прохоров, к.с.-х.н.
Редакция: И.И. Прохорова (директор), М.А. Королькова, Н.В. Куроптева, М.В. Царева, к.с.-х.н.
Редколлегия: А.И. Беленков, д.с.-х.н., С.Л. Белопухов, д.с.-х.н., к.х.н., Н.М. Белоус, д.с.-х.н., Т.Ю. Бортник, д.с.-х.н., И.И. Дмитревская, д.с.-х.н., Л.А. Дорожкина, д.с.-х.н., А.А. Завалин, д.с.-х.н., С.Ю. Зайцев, д.б.н., д.х.н., А.Л. Иванов, д.б.н., Л.В. Кирейчева, д.т.н., А.В. Кураков, д.б.н., С.В. Лукин, д.с.-х.н., С.М. Лукин, д.б.н., М.Г. Мустафаев, д.с.-х.н. (Азербайджан), С.М. Надежкин, д.б.н., М.М. Овчаренко, д.с.-х.н., к.х.н., А.В. Пасынков, д.б.н., Т.Ф. Персикова, д.с.-х.н. (Беларусь), О.А. Подколзин, д.с.-х.н., Т.Р. Рыспеков (Казахстан), к.с.-х.н., Н.И. Санжарова, д.б.н., В.М. Семенов, д.б.н., В.И. Титова, д.с.-х.н., П.А. Чекмарев, д.с.-х.н., О.Х. Эргашева, к.б.н. (Узбекистан)
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2025 / Issue 6
SOIL PROPERTIES
Humification and dehumification of soils during long-term intensive and subsequent extensive cultivation of tea plantations
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-001
The results of long-term monitoring of humus content in brown forest acidic soils of the humid subtropics of the Sochi Black Sea coast are presented, based on a field experiment with tea. The study examined the effects of different NPK fertilizer doses (26 years) followed by their complete cessation (12 years). The applied nitrogen doses in the experiment ranged from 70-200 to 210-600 kg/ha, depending on the treatment and plantation age. In total, 3.8 to 11.4 tons of N/ha were applied. The main factors, volumes, and rates of humus formation and subsequent dehumification during prolonged intensive and subsequent extensive cultivation were established. Humus content increased with higher nitrogen fertilizer doses and prolonged application due to greater crop yields and plant residue volumes, as well as changes in humification conditions (soil acidification, suppressed biological activity, increased nitrogen reserves, and shifts in the C : N ratio). As a result, humus content increased by 1.4-2.0/0.8-1.3% (0-20/20-40 cm layer), while total humus reserves grew by 29.7-41.0/18.8-28.5 t/ha, respectively (1.5-1.6/1.4-1.5 times the initial levels). For every ton of nitrogen applied, humus content increased by an average of 0.2%, most notably in the first 12-15 years. However, after switching to extensive cultivation, 50-65% (0-20 cm) and 25-40% (20-40 cm) of the accumulated humus was lost within 8-10 years, amounting to 14.5-26.5 t/ha and 4.5-12.0 t/ha, respectively. Humus content decreased by 0.7-1.3% and 0.2-0.6%, returning to levels observed in unfertilized plots. Dehumification resulted from multiple factors: reduced humus formation due to declining plantation productivity (2.5-3.3 times lower) and plant residue input; mineralization outpacing humification under altered conditions (partial pH neutralization, improved soil biofunctionality, reduced nitrogen reserves); and the instability of newly formed humus, which contained weakly humified material (in humin) and mobile humic acids.
Keywords: tea agroecosystems, intensive and extensive cultivation, brown forest acidic soils, humid subtrop- ics, humus content and reserves, qualitative composition, humification, dehumification.
Influence of stands of different composition and origin on characteristics of the forest floor
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-002
A feature of the forest floor on the territory of the Forest Experimental Station is its composition, represented by two horizons: А0ʹ – slightly decomposed and А0ʺ – enzymatic. The analysis of the fractional composition of forest litter showed its significant differentiation depending on the component composition of the litter and the composition of the stand of each group (pure coniferous and deciduous and mixed). Significant fluctuations between the horizons of the forest litter А0ʹ and А0ʺ were revealed in terms of hygroscopic moisture, loss during calcination, and pH values of actual and potential acidity. The content of gross and mobile forms of heavy metals cadmium, lead, copper in forest litter in the А0ʺ horizon significantly exceeds their amount in the А0ʹ horizon. Higher values of hydrolytic acidity were determined in soils in the A1 horizon under pure coniferous stands from 3.44 to 11.57 mg-eq/100 g (8.40 mg-eq/100 g). The amount of exchangeable bases in the upper humus horizons ranges from 3.72 to 9.06 mg-eq/100 g, the amount of exchangeable bases from 3.72 to 9.06 mg-eq/100 g. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed significant statistical relationships between the physico-chemical characteristics of forest litter and the accumulation of heavy metals. The composition of the stand has a great influence on the accumulation of heavy metals: the maximum gross content of heavy metals is determined in forest litter under coniferous and coniferous-mixed stands, significantly less – under deciduous stands.
Keywords: tree stand, forest floor, heavy metals, soddy-podzolic soils, profile structure, humus, morphogenetic characteristics of soil profiles.
Absorption IR spectra of granulometric fractions from typical agrochernozem
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-003
The silty and clay fractions isolated by wet sieving after preliminary ultrasonic treatment of a soil sample from the plow horizon of a typical agrochernozem were studied using IR spectroscopy. It was established that the mineral and organic parts of different granulometric fractions have both common features and significant differences. All granulometric fractions contain quartz. Based on optical density values, quartz is predominantly concentrated in the coarse and medium silt fractions and to a significantly lesser extent in the fine silt fraction, and especially in the clay fraction. All granulometric fractions also contain organic components. These are mainly concentrated in the clay fraction and to a somewhat lesser extent in the fine silt fraction, whereas the coarse and medium silt fractions contain very little organic matter. Unlike the silty fractions, the clay fraction does not contain feldspars (which are mainly represented by albite) and is enriched with clay minerals of the smectite type and mixed-layer formations, such as illite-smectite.
Keywords: agrochernozem, IR spectra, silty fractions, clay fraction, quartz, albite, organic matter, smectites, illite-smectite.
Antagonistic activity of actinomycetes isolated from microbial cultures of natural and cultivated coenosis of dry subtropical soils of Azerbaijan
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-004
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the diversity and distribution of actinomycete populations in various soil types across the Fizuli and Barda districts of Azerbaijan. Soil samples were collected from diverse biotopes, including the rhizosphere of cotton plants. Our findings indicate that the abundance and species composition of actinomycetes are intrinsically linked to soil type, with several rare species exhibiting a markedly uneven distribution. Based on these morphological traits, the isolates were classified into six distinct groups: Globisporus, Violaceus, Glauseus, Albus, Flavus, and Cinnacoloris. The antimicrobial potential of all purified strains was evaluated against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus mesentericus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using the standard disk diffusion method. All tested actinomycete strains displayed antimicrobial activity to varying degrees. Notably, strain B1 emerged as the most potent, exhibiting strong inhibitory activity against all target pathogens. The demonstrated bioactivity of these isolates, particularly strain B1, highlights their significant potential as promising sources for the discovery and development of novel antibiotic compounds.
Keywords: actinomycetes, soil microbiology, antimicrobial activity, antibiotic discovery, morphological groups, rhizosphere, Azerbaijan.
Changes in agrochemical parameters and carbon reserves in soils during development of fallow lands on humus-rich leached chernozems of the Penza region
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-005
The results of changes in agrochemical parameters and carbon reserves in soils during the development of fallow lands on humus-rich leached chernozems of the Penza region in the conditions of the Kerensky-Chembar upland are presented. It has been established that the content of such agrochemical indicators as mobile compounds of potassium and phosphorus, nitrate forms of nitrogen is higher in the area of the old arable field due to prolonged application of mineral fertilizers. The processes of overgrowing of fallow lands can lead to a decrease in the nutrient content due to their active absorption by renewable vegetation. The availability of potassium in the studied soils is estimated to be very high, the availability of phosphorus in soils varies from very low to medium, the availability of ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen in all areas is very low, with the exception of the high availability of nitrate forms of nitrogen in the area of the old arable field where nitrogen fertilizers were used. The content of organic matter in the upper soil horizon, as well as across the entire soil profile, was analyzed, and the carbon reserve in the meter-thick soil layer was calculated. The largest carbon reserve is contained in a meter-long soil layer of an old–cropped field – 195.65 t/ha, while the smallest is in a section of a forest belt older than 50 years – 179.47 t/ha. The data obtained can be used in the planning of agricultural operations and in the further development of fallow lands in the conditions of humus-rich chernozems of the Penza region.
Keywords: agrochemical parameters of soils (organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil acidity), carbon reserve, development of fallow lands, leached chernozems.
FERTILIZER AND HARVEST
Assessment of the effect of organic fertilizer Bionium on the yield and quality of grain and leguminous crops
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-006
The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the effectiveness of the use of liquid organic fertilizer Bionium in the cultivation of various grain crops in 2024-2025. The objects of the study were spring wheat of the Zlata variety, winter wheat of the Nemchinovskaya 24 variety, spring spelt of the Gremme 2U variety, spring barley of the Reliable variety, as well as Madras peas grown for grain. Experimental studies were conducted in conditions of agricultural production using agrochemical analysis. In the course of the work, the influence of organic fertilizer Bionium on the main indicators of productivity, namely yield, protein, gluten and vitreous content of grain, was studied. It has been established that the use of Bionium contributes to a significant increase in the yield of all studied grain crops. At the same time, there is an improvement in the quality characteristics of grain: the protein content increases, the percentage of gluten content in spring and winter wheat and spring spelt increases, and the vitreous content increases. Special attention is paid to the study of the effect of fertilizers on plant resistance to adverse environmental factors. The results showed that Bionium increases the adaptive abilities of grain crops, which is especially important in conditions of drought and other stressful situations. When using fertilizers, there is not only a quantitative but also a qualitative increase in production, which makes it a promising tool for introduction into agricultural production.
Keywords: biofertilizers, grain crops, yield, grain quality, protein, gluten, vitreousness.
Yield of sugar beet depends on the agrochemical properties of podzolized heavy loamy chernozem during its cultivation in the Nizhniy Novgorod region
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-007
The results of studies on the effect of agrochemical properties of podzolized heavy loamy chernozem on sugar beet yields performed in a four-field beet crop rotation by «Agrofirma Nizhniy Novgorod» LLC (the northernmost region of cultivation) are presented. It has been established that the most significant soil properties affecting the productivity of sugar beet in the conditions of the Volga-Oka Right Bank are the humus content and the content of mobile potassium compounds. The weighted average humus content in the studied soils is 5.8% with a range of 2.75 to 6.77%. The correlation coefficient between humus content and sugar beet yield is 0.40 and 0.55 in different years of the study. The distinction in average yield between groups with different humus content reaches 51%. The weighted average content of mobile potassium compounds is at the level of 215 mg/kg with a very wide range of variation: from 87 to 389 mg/kg. As the soil supply of this element increases, the yield increases to 61% on soils with a very high content of the element relative to soils with an average supply. The correlation coefficient between the potassium content and beet yield in different years is 0.37 and 0.41. With an acidity level (pHKCl) in soils from 5.0 to 6.3 and a content of mobile phosphorus compounds from 93 to 250 mg/ha, there was no clear direct relationship between these indicators and sugar beet yields.
Keywords: sugar beet, yield, podzolized chernozem, humus content, acidity, content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium; correlation coefficient.
Influence of basic tillage methods on contamination of winter wheat crops in the Moscow region
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-008
The article presents the results of research on the methods of basic soil cultivation (ploughing at 20-22 cm and discing at 10-12 cm) for sowing of winter wheat Moskovskaya 40 in the production conditions of a farm located in the Naro-Fominsky district of the Moscow region. It was found that ploughing in combination with chemical weeding is more effective in controlling weed infestation of crops. The number of weeds in this variant is lower throughout the entire growing season compared to discing as the basic cultivation. During the surveys (the phase of autumn tillering, before chemical weeding, 30 days after the application of herbicides, and ten days before harvesting), the number of weeds was 6, 26, 5, and 15 units per square meter less than during discing. In the species composition of the agrophytocenosis, the number of particularly harmful perennial weeds increased in the background of non-ploughing soil cultivation. The presence of monocotyledonous weeds also increases, which necessitates the use of two herbicides.
Keywords: winter wheat, soil cultivation method, agrophytocenosis, crop infestation.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES
Bioaccumulation of carboxylic acids and their derivatives in sunflower microgreens under the influence of zoocompost additives
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-009
The study assessed the effect of 1.0% black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) zoocompost extract on the biochemical profile of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) microgreens in comparison with a complex mineral fertilizer (TriPart, Terra Aquatica) and water control. The scientific novelty consisted in the first use of zoocompost extract and neural network modeling for growing microgreens. The experiment was carried out in a growbox under intensive light culture (LED lighting, 360 μmol/m2/s). The resulting biomass was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC. To assess the structuring of the plant system on various fertilizing backgrounds, the artificial neural network PlantNN was used with the calculation of the cognitive significance index (CSIplant). The results showed that the zoocompost extract increased dry biomass by 47.3% (p < 0.001) and shoot height by 20% (p = 0.028) relative to the control, which is probably due to auxin-dependent cell elongation and the action of PGPR bacteria (Bacillus spp.) included in this organic fertilizer. Biochemical analysis revealed an increase in the concentration of stressprotective amino acids in zoocompost: alanine (+ 33%), tyrosine (+ 48%), threonine (+ 24%) and serine (+ 18%), as well as a decrease in glycine (-8.9%) as an indicator of photorespiration optimization. The key advantage of the extract was the preservation of the physiologically optimal ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio (4.71 vs. 5.37 with mineral fertilizing; p < 0.001), which reduces the risks of inflammatory bowel diseases. Mineral fertilizers caused a twofold decrease in the synthesis of tartaric acid (p = 0.028), a key antioxidant, which potentially accelerates oxidative spoilage of the product. PCA analysis confirmed the balance of the "biomass-quality" profile in zoocompost (68.2% of PC1 variance), unattainable for the mineral fertilizer option. The CSIplant index value in zoocompost on average across replicates reached a maximum of 6.7, which is 76% higher than the control (3.8) and 52% higher than the mineral option (4.4), confirming the increase in metabolic activity. In fact, 1.0% zoocompost extract is recommended as an environmentally friendly alternative to mineral fertilizers for the production of functional microgreens with improved nutritional status. This approach significantly increases yields and improves the nutritional profile of plants, optimizing the balance of fatty acids and antioxidants, which offers a new environmentally friendly solution for urban agriculture (city farming).
Keywords: sunflower microgreens, black soldier fly zoocompost, mineral fertilizers, fatty acids, amino acid profile, organic acids, biostimulants, neural network modeling, PCA analysis, food safety.
Comparative analysis of chemical and biological waste destruction technology in hemp processing industry
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-010
The search for an effective and environmentally friendly technology for processing agricultural waste is an integral factor in the stability of the agricultural sector. Waste from spinning mills poses a particular challenge. This paper analyzes waste processing technology using the biological agent Pleurotus staringii (steppe oyster mushroom). Products of chemical and biological degradation are obtained, and the results of their physical, mechanical, and chemical testing are presented. It has been established that biological processing is less expensive in terms of chemical reagents and energy resources than chemical processing. In terms of process duration, the chemical method is shorter (within 1 day) than the biological method (30-40 days).
Keywords: flax shives, Pleurotus staringii, Pleurotus eryngii, moisture capacity, bulk density, porosity, NIR analysis.
Stability and accumulation of diclofenac in water and soil and its migration to vegetative parts of plants
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-011
An express method for the determination of diclofenac in water by digital colorimetry and HPLC-MS/MS for its residue’s determination in soil and green mustard have been developed. The results of a diclofenac stability study in water under the UV radiation of 253.7 nm are presented. It is shown that the method of water disinfection by UV irradiation without chemical reagents is not sufficient to purify it from diclofenac. The effect of soil composition, as well as microbiological preparation containing strains of beneficial microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, yeast, etc.) and enriched with humic acids (35%) organic fertilizer on the accumulation of diclofenac in soil and mustard were studied. For areas with a predominance of sandy soils, there is a higher risk of groundwater contamination by diclofenac. The high potential of its migration to plants causes the risk of plant raw material contamination. The addition of a microbiological preparation and organic fertilizer cause the stabilization and accumulation of diclofenac in the soil and mustard.
Keywords: diclofenac, residues, water, degradation, soil contamination, accumulation, mustard, digital colorimetry, HPLC-MS/MS.
YOUNG SCIENTISTS RESEARCHES
Creation of sustainable phytocoenosis after rehabilitation of peat-bog soil type from petroleum products
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-012
After contamination with petroleum products the restoration of phytocoenosis on the peat-bog type of soil occurs very slowly or does not occur at all. Measures are required to prevent the penetration of oil into the underlying horizons and groundwater, creating a barrier, as well as measures to rehabilitate oil pollution, creating conditions for the creation of a sustainable phytocoenosis. Lenoil preparations and the natural mineral sorbent Glauconite were used as rehabilitation on oil-contaminated peat-bog soils. Concentrations of petroleum products in the studied peat-bog soil samples ranged from 1000 to 15000 mg/kg. The content of petroleum products decreased from 68.6 to 74.1%, and the physicochemical and microbiological properties of oil-contaminated peat-bog soils were studied. To create a phytocoenosis, cereal crops were studied before and after rehabilitation of the peat-bog type: red fescue, meadow timothy, meadow clover, boneless rump, meadow fescue, meadow bluegrass. The most sustainable after rehabilitation were meadow timothy, boneless rump, meadow bluegrass.
Keywords: petroleum products, peat-bog soils, phytocoenosis, cereals, petrodestructors, Lenoil, Glauconite, germination energy, germination.
Efficiency of fungicides and it’s combination against apple scab in the Moscow region
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-013
The article presents the results of multi-year studies (2022-2024) evaluating the effectiveness of fungicides and their combinations against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Experimental plots were established in the orchards of the Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University (RSAU – MTAA, 2022) and in a commercial orchard in the Solnechnogorsk district (2023-2024), involving the cultivars Mantet, Melba, Antonovka common, and Lobo. The fungicides tested included: Znatok, WG, AgroShlem, WG), Rayok, EC, Merpan, SP and Shrapnel, WG, along with a standard commercial protection scheme as a reference. Disease incidence and severity were assessed on leaves and fruits using developed rating scales, and biological efficacy was calculated according to Abbott’s formula. Results showed that fungicide performance was strongly influenced by weather conditions and infection pressure during the season. In 2023, systemic fungicides reduced leaf scab development by 35-46% and fruit scab by up to 58%. Under epidemic conditions in 2024, combined schemes with sequential use of contact and systemic fungicides achieved the highest efficacy: in Melba and Lobo cultivars, biological efficacy reached 81-100% on fruits and 64-90% on leaves, significantly exceeding the commercial scheme (9-62%). The Mantet cultivar was the most susceptible, with scab development 1.6 times higher than in Melba and 3.3-3.6 times higher than in Lobo and Antonovka. Integrated schemes combining captan/trifloxystrobin and dithianon/cyprodinil provided stable and high protection of apple orchards against scab, confirming their potential for use in intensive fruit-growing systems.
Keywords: apple tree, apple scab, captan, dithianon, trifloxystrobin, cyprodinil, difenoconazole, biological efficacy.
REVIEWS
Fertilizers with polymeric modifications and hormonal regulation of nutrient absorption under environmental limitations
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-014
In modern crop production, the impact of adverse external factors, such as moisture deficiency, soil salinization, and sudden temperature fluctuations, is becoming increasingly noticeable. These stressors reduce the availability and rate of absorption of nutrients, and disrupt their distribution within plants. The efficiency of mineral provision of crops is determined by the interaction of several key components: the structure and branching of the root system, the functioning of membrane transport proteins, and internal hormonal regulation. The article considers the role of fertilizers with polymer modifications as a tool for increasing the efficiency of plant nutrition under conditions of limited availability of mineral elements and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between hormonal regulation in plants and nutrient transport systems. Promising approaches to optimizing plant nutrition are discussed, including genetic modifications of stress-adaptive pathways, overexpression of key transporters, and the use of exogenous growth regulators. Particular attention is paid to the potential of multiomics technologies (transcriptomics, metabolomics, phenomics, proteomics) in identifying targets for breeding and developing climate-resistant agricultural technologies.
Keywords: optimization of plant nutrition, mechanisms of interaction of hormonal regulation, membrane transport proteins, fertilizers with polymer modifications.
Copper in soddy-podzolic soils of the Tver region and the need for its correction in crop cultivation
DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-6-015
The analyzes the issues of the necessity of copper application on soddy-podzolic soils experiencing a deficiency of this element in order to optimize the nutrient regime, achieve high productivity of cultivated crops, and form high-quality and safe products. The soils of the Tver region have a low supply of mobile forms of copper (1.4 ± 0.5 mg / kg), as well as gross (5.1 ± 1.9 mg / kg). Due to the removal with the crop and the leaching regime, the copper content decreases. The use of copper-containing fertilizers has a long-term effect (up to 5-7 years). The application of traditional organic fertilizers once per crop rotation compensates for the removal of copper with the crop. Innovative biofertilizers obtained on the basis of solid-phase aerobic fermentation completely cover the need of plants for copper. Depending on the removal by agricultural crops, the balance of copper in crop rotation links can be both deficient and balanced. The use of modern biofertilizers on drained soddy-podzolic soils, in particular, multipurpose compost, ensures a positive balance of this element, since this fertilizer fully satisfies the plants’ need for it.
Keywords: soddy-podzolic soils, copper, migration, synergism, antagonism, toxicity, copper-containing fertilizers.