SOIL PROPERTIES

Prokhorov A.A., Losev A.I., Borisov B.A., Efimov O.E. (agrohemistry@kubsau.ru, dmitri.marchenko@uniferx.com)

Assessment of agrochemical properties variation on example of gray forest soils of agrolandscapes of the Central Russian broadleaved-forest province

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-001

On the example of plots localized on the territory of the Central Russian broad-leaved forest province of soil district L1 III of Babyninsky district of Kaluga region the variation of agrochemical properties of soils agrolandscapes has been assessed. Soil cover is represented by combinations of gray forest and light-gray forest soils of their washed-out analogs and gray forest surface gleyey soil. It was found that statistically significant differences between soil areas were observed in pH_KCI and Сorg content, while the content of mobile forms of P₂O₅ and K₂O depends more on external factors than on soil type. Coefficients of variation showed high heterogeneity in phosphorus content (V > 50%) and relative homogeneity in pH levels (V ~8-10%) within the same soil difference. A clear spatial structuring of the data was revealed: I-Moran statistics shows clustering of similar values in space (especially for Сorg and pH). The spatial heterogeneity of the soil cover is associated with the manifestation of erosion processes and excessive hydromorphism in the studied areas, which forms a complex contrast structure. A moderately pronounced negative correlation (R² = 0.31) is observed between Сorg content and pH_KCI, reflecting a typical trend of Сorg content increase on soils with increased acidity, which is characteristic of ground-gleyey and surface gleyey soils. The relationships between the content of P₂O₅ and K₂O show a positive significant correlation (R² = 0.19), which may indicate the joint application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.

Keywords: soil properties, soil fertility, soil quality, soil cover structure.

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Kovaleva V.A., Lapteva E.M., Deneva S.V, Panyukov A.N. (kovaleva@ib.komisc.ru)

Characteristics of microbial communities in natural and postagrogenic soils of floodplain landscapes of the southern tundra zone

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-002

The article presents the characteristics of microbiological communities functioning in floodplain soils of the tundra zone of the European north-east of Russia. The distribution of microorganisms along the profile of conditionally virgin and postagrogenic soils formed on the floodplain terrace in the Vorkuta River valley is shown. It has been established that the main differences between the considered soils are traced when assessing the ratio of living and dead bacterial cells and their ecological and trophic structure. In conditionally virgin soil, the proportion of living cells in organogenic horizons is lower (75-77% of the total number of cells) compared to the soil of the postagrogenic site (85-86%). A distinctive feature of the postagrogenic soil is a higher participation in the structure of the microbial complex of ammonifier microorganisms (25-32%) and a low participation of oligotrophic block microorganisms (47-63%), compared to virgin soil 7-16% and 59-88%, respectively. At the same time, the number of bacteria determined by fluorescent microscopy and the total number of bacteria growing on different nutrient media do not differ significantly in similar horizons of the soils under consideration. Differences in the specificity of organic matter transformation in floodplain soils were revealed: in postagrogenic soil, the processes of organic matter decomposition are more active than in conditionally virgin soil.

Keywords: bacteria, ecological-trophic groups, postagrogenic ecosystem, floodplain soils, tundra.

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Asylbaev I.G., Chashchin A.N. (ilgiz_bsau@mail.ru, chascshin@mail.ru)

Assessment of erosion hazard of soil cover in the Middle PreUrals

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-003

The erosion hazard of the soil cover in the Middle PreUrals was assessed based on a set of morphometric relief indicators: slopes, horizontal and vertical dissection has been assessed by digital relief modeling. The boundaries of the Middle Urals were defined based on summarized landscape and physical-geographical zoning data. Digital relief modeling was performed based on GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) data for the analysis. The research showed that the share of low and moderate erosion hazard in the Middle Urals is 62 and 37%, respectively. Areas with low and mild erosion hazard are confined to the northern and north-eastern parts of the flat territory of the region, as well as to valley relief forms. The erosion hazard map of the soil cover of the Middle Urals is integrated into the soil-erosion data section of the Soil and Cartographic Database of the Middle Urals developed by the authors. The results of erosion mapping can serve as a basis for developing adaptive landscape technologies for cultivating agricultural crops in the Middle Urals. Identifying areas with high erosion risk allows designing anti-erosion measures.

Keywords: soil erosion, geoinformation mapping, Web-cartography, Middle PreUrals.

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Chevychelov A.P., Zakharova O.G., Okhlopkova P.P., Borisova V.B., Borisova D.V. (chev.soil@list.ru, vilena.borisova.89@bk.ru)

Change in properties and phosphate state of the permafrost pale soil of the Central Yakutia in a long-term field experiment with potato

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-004

For the first time, a study was conducted of changes in the physical and chemical properties and phosphate state of frozen pale soil in Central Yakutia in a long-term field experiment with potatoes. According to known gradations, the soil of the control variant of the experiment in the 0-20 cm layer was characterized by a very low humus content, as well as very low and low availability of nitrogen and potassium, and high availability of mobile phosphorus. In the experiment, N46P46K46, manure in doses of 20, 40 and 60 t/ha, and phosphogypsum in the amount of 7 t/ha were used as fertilizers and ameliorants. In all fertilized variants of the experiment, statistically significant increases in the yield of potato tubers were obtained, with the highest ones amounting to 2,95-2,99 t/ha or 34,0-34,5% compared to the control. Also in this experiment, maximum increases in the soil humus content, total nitrogen, the sum of absorbed bases, available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were noted, respectively, by 0,4%, 0,03%, 6,6 cmol(eq)/kg, 23, 151 and 91 mg/kg. The highest values of phosphorus content recorded in the soil under the experimental conditions were equal to 1665 and 1685 mg/kg with a difference with the control of 83 and 103 mg/kg, respectively. At the same time, organophosphates predominated in the composition of total phosphorus, and aluminum phosphates and calcium phosphates predominated among the fractions of mineral phosphates.

Keywords: permafrost soils, crop yield, potatoes, mobile phosphates, forms of mineral phosphates.

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Borisochkina T.I., Kolchanova K.A., Yaroslavtseva N.V., Lukin S.M. (geotibor@gmail.co, vnion22@yandex.ru)

Changes in agrochemical parameters of soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soil when using an organic fertilizer system

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-005

The analysis of agrochemical parameters of soils during long-term use of the organic farming system is carried out. An improvement in the acid-base parameters of soils, an increase in the supply of nutrients to soils and the content of organic matter were recorded. It is shown that the main part of organic carbon (% of the total content of the element) is concentrated in the dusty fraction. It is noted that the provision of soils with nutrients in the organic farming system is often insufficient for crops with increased removal of elements.

Keywords: sandy loamy soils, organic farming system, agrochemical properties, availability, nutrition elements.

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Kozlova N.V., Kerimzade V.V. (kozlovanvagro@yandex.ru)

Comprehensive assessment of soil phosphorus saturation due to the problem of phosphatization during cultivation of perennial crops in the subtropics of Russia

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-006

On the example of brown forest acidic soils of perennial tea plantations in Sochi is presented a comparative assessment of their phosphorus availability/saturation during long-term use of phosphorous fertilizers on the Black Sea coast (26 years of multi-factor field experience with NРK-fertilizers). A set of indicators for the content of various forms and compounds of soil phosphorus was used (gross/total, mineral and organic, mobile and its total stock, easily mobile), as well as the capacity of phosphorus absorption by the soil. With the annual application of 60-120-180 kg P₂O₅/ha, the gross phosphorus content reached 2400-5750 mg/kg (in the 0-20 cm soil layer) and exceeded the background (forest soil) by 1.5-2.5 times; the total content of organic and mineral compounds reached 1950-3200 mg/kg with a 2-3-fold excess of the background (growth due to mineral phosphates); the content of mineral phosphorus in the total (1350-2650 mg/kg) and in the sum of various fractions(1600-3100 mg/kg) were comparable and exceeded the background by 3-6 times. The most pronounced changes (from 5-6 to 12-15-fold relative to the background) were found in the content of mobile phosphorus (an increase to 500-1150 mg/kg) and its total reserve (up to 1070-2650 mg/kg), as well as easily mobile phosphates (up to 0.5-2.3 mg/l). The soils differed the least in phosphorus absorption capacity (0.8-0.9 times relative to the background, in the range of 480-650 mg/kg), which indicates low sensitivity and low information content of the indicator. A high positive correlation (r = 0.95-0.99) was established between the values of various indicators and their negative correlation (r = – 0.82-0.90) with the phosphorus absorption capacity of the soil. Gradations of the degree of soil phosphation and the corresponding values of indicators can be correlated with the surplus of the economic balance of phosphorus in agricultural systems: unphosphated or slightly phosphated – a balance without a deficit or with a small surplus (against the background of 60 kg/ha per year); strongly and very strongly phosphated – 2-4-fold balance surplus (against the background of 120-180 kg/ha per year).

Keywords: brown forest acidic soils, tea plantations, mineral fertilizers, total phosphorus, mineral and organic compounds, mobile and easily mobile phosphorus, phosphatization, balance of the element.

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Lukmanov A.A., Gilyazov M.Yu., Zaripov D.F., Ibatullin I.M. (AnasLukmanov@mail.ru, mingilyazov@yandex.ru, zaripov122@mail.ru, magistr_kgsu@mail.ru)

Soil cover and provision of arable lands of the Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan with essential microelements

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-007

The purpose of the study is to assess the provision of soils of the Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan with essential microelements and to establish the closeness of the correlation between the content of mobile forms of microelements in arable soils depending on their type. The paper summarizes the results of agrochemical soil surveys for 2004-2022 conducted with employees of the State Center for Agrochemical Service «Tatarskiy». Microelements were determined in humus samples taken from typical soils for this farm. It was found that the arable soils of the region are relatively rich in mobile forms of boron and copper, since only 8 and 19% of arable land are characterized by low content of these microelements. The soils of the Volga region are worst supplied with mobile forms of molybdenum and zinc: the segments of soils with low content of these elements amounted to 47 and 44% of the arable land, respectively. The average weighted content of boron and molybdenum statistically reliably increased as the share of chernozem and dark gray forest soils increased, while the provision of soils with copper and cobalt, on the contrary, decreased. The closeness of the correlation of the average weighted content of mobile forms of microelements from the prevalence of zonal soil types significantly increased in the series: zinc < copper < molybdenum < boron.

Keywords: agrochemical survey, chernozem and non-chernozem soils, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Volga region, essential microelements, mobile forms, correlation.

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Azovtseva N.A., Parfenova A.M., Shilov P.M. (Azovtseva@mail.ru, pavelshilovv@gmail.com, parf_07@mail.ru)

Electromagnetic research for assessment of urban soils state

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-008

Using the example of the soils of the test sites of the Northeastern Administrative District of Moscow (Babushkinsky and Losinoostrovsky districts), the possibility of the developed magnetoelectric method for assessing the content of heavy metals in the soil of the city is demonstrated. It was revealed that the values of the electrical conductivity of the soil solutions of the soils of the test territories are within the limits acceptable for the vital activity of plants and biocenoses in general. The importance of electromagnetic measurements is shown. It is determined that the leading influence factor on the electromagnetic state of the upper soil layers is the mineral composition of the soils. Strength measurements of the upper soil layers in urban soils are a way to monitor the ecological stability of urban soils. The obtained research results can be used to monitor the electromagnetic state, to assess the ecological state of the urban environment and to develop measures to improve it.

Keywords: heavy metals, electromagnetic research, urban soil, urban ecology.

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FERTILIZER AND HARVEST

Abashkin O.A., Vasilieva S.V., Belov G.L. (belov.grischa2015@yandex.ru)

Biological efficiency of new growth regulator Zircon-Extra in potato plantings

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-009

In order to increase potato yield and protect it from adverse environmental factors and stressful situations (droughts, waterlogging, increased pesticide load, etc.), Zircon growth regulator is actively used, the active substance of which is extracted from Echinacea purpurea. Currently, a new promising growth regulator Zircon-Extra with the same active ingredient, but with a different ratio of acids that make up the active substance, has been submitted for registration. Zircon contains chlorogenic acid, Zircon-Extra – chicory with a lower content of chlorogenic and caffeic acids. A change in the acid ratio could affect the biological effectiveness of the drug, which was the purpose of laboratory and field studies. The results of the production experience, in which the treatment of tubers was carried out with Zircon-Extra directly during planting on a potato planter, showed that it surpasses Zircon in effectiveness (under experimental conditions – the reference version). The new drug had a stimulating effect on the development of plants in all studied doses of application, which positively affected the yield and yield of the seed fraction. The maximum harvest of tubers in the amount of 31.3 t/ha was obtained at a rate of consumption of Zircon-Extra 15 ml/t, in the control yield was 24.7 t/ha. It was found that the crop yield increased with an increase in the consumption rate of the drug. At the same time, the yield of the seed fraction increased and the volume of the non-standard fraction of tubers (less than 30 mm) decreased. Based on the data obtained, Zircon-Extra is recommended for pre-planting treatment of tubers at consumption rates of 10-15 ml/t.

Keywords: potatoes, growth regulator, Zircon-Extra, Zircon, yield.

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Zinkovskaya T.S., Rabinovich G.Yu., Podolyan E.A. (2016vniimz-noo@list.ru)

Influence of organosilicon fertilizer on main nutrients content in soil and yield of spring wheat

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-010

In a three-year experiment, the effect of organosilicon fertilizer on the contents of the main nutrients in soddy-podzolic light loamy soil and the yield of spring wheat with two-way regulation of the water-air regime was shown. The use of organosilicon fertilizer based on multi-purpose compost contributed to the replenishment of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, as well as mineral nitrogen. In the year of the experiment, with the joint application of organosilicon fertilizer and mineral fertilizer while maintaining optimal moisture of 70% of the maximum permissible capacity, the highest yield of Zlata wheat was obtained – 5.36 t/ha. With drainage in this variant, the yield was 3.07 t/ha. On average, over three years, these figures were 4.09 and 2.68 t/ha, respectively. An increase in the number of productive stems per 1 m2 and absolute grain weight in the variants with the studied fertilizers contributed to an increase in wheat yield. On average, over three years, the mass of 1000 grains with natural moisture in the variants with silicon was about 37 g, and in similar variants with maintaining optimal moisture it was 42 g. With the prolongation of the studied fertilizer, a negative balance of nutrients and a decrease in yield are observed by the third year of the experiment, which requires additional application of mineral fertilizers in order to maintain soil fertility.

Keywords: organosilicon fertilizer, wheat, soddy-podzolic light loamy soil, mineral nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and potassium.

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Allayarova I.N., Reut A.A., Biglova A.R., Lastochkina O.V. (cvetok.79@mail.ru, oksanaibg@gmail.com)

Influence of plant growth regulators on seed productivity of hosta

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-011

In this work, we studied the effect of the natural signaling molecule salicylic acid in composition with the bacteria Bacillus subtilis VKPM and separately on the seed productivity of the Hosta hybrid under cultural conditions in the Bashkir Cis-Ural. The research was carried out in 2021-2023 in open experimental areas of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa FRC of the RAS. Bacterization with B. subtilis in combination with salicylic acid turned out to be the most effective. With this version of the experiment, an increase in such values as the average number of flowers per shoot, the number of peduncles and other most important indicators of seed productivity were noted. In a one-way analysis of variance of the variability of morphometric parameters, it was noted that the influence of the factor «plant growth regulators» is significant for the following indicators: the number of peduncles, the length and thickness of the seed, the potential and actual seed productivity per plant, the number of bolls per shoot. When analyzing partial differences between the average values of different experimental variants for the studied parameters, homogeneous groups were identified based on the Fisher test. The obtained results show that the use of biological growth regulators is a promising direction in ornamental plant growing.

Keywords: Hosta hybrid, salicylic acid, Bacillus subtilis, seed productivity, seedification coefficient.

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Sheudzhen A.Kh., Podkolzin O.A., Marchenko D.K. (agrohemistry@kubsau.ru, dmitri.marchenko@uniferx.com)

Influence of complex fertilizer feeding of corn on efficiency of nutrients and moisture use during cultivation in the central zone of the Krasnodar region

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-012

The field experiments have shown a significant relationship between the use of water-soluble complex fertilizers, weather conditions, and parameters of the water and nutrient regimes of the soil during corn cultivation. A significant influence of meteorological factors on the consumption of nutrients and water by plants has been revealed. It is proved that the maximum nitrogen consumption by corn plants (97.3 kg/ha) was in 2023, which was characterized by an average level of moisture. This is 7-8% higher than in 2021 and 2022. A similar trend was observed for the absorption of phosphorus and potassium. The data obtained indicate the optimal nutritional requirements for corn to achieve a high grain yield: nitrogen – 92.7 kg/ha, phosphorus – 33.1 kg/ha and potassium – 24.0 kg/ha. Analysis of the water regime has shown that precipitation is the main source of water supply for corn plants. The total water consumption of the crop varied significantly depending on the amount of precipitation: from 2,581 m³/ha in arid 2022 to 4,599 m³/ha in wet 2023. This led to significant fluctuations in the water consumption coefficient: the minimum value was recorded in the dry year of 2022, and with increased precipitation in 2023, it increased 2.0 times. The use of Microplant and Combi Plus fertilizers in 2022 contributed to a decrease in the coefficient of water consumption, while in 2023 the maximum value of this indicator was observed in control plots (without the use of fertilizers).

Keywords: corn, hybrid, complex fertilizers, precipitation, yield, analysis.

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AGROECOLOGY

Petrov K.V., Arysheva S.P., Ivankin N.G., Balanova O.Yu., Sviridenko D.G., Suslov A.A. (kpetroff2015@yandex.ru, sedelnikov167@gmail.com)

Influence of organo-mineral complex Gumiton and PhosAgro NPK fertilizer on productivity and accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs by oat plants on soddy-podzolic soil and chernozem

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-013

In vegetation experiments on soddy-podzolic sandy loam soil and ordinary medium loamy chernozem, the effect of the organo-mineral complex Gumiton and complex mineral fertilizer PhosAgro NPK 8:20:30 on the productivity of oats and the intake of ¹³⁷Cs into plants under conditions of radioactive contamination was assessed. It was shown that on soddy-podzolic soil, the application of PhosAgro NPK complex fertilizer increased the crude biomass of oat plants in the flowering phase by 2.7 times; grain weight by 2.75 and straw weight by 2.1 times in the full ripeness phase. Treatment of oats with Gumiton had no significant effect on the biomass of oat plants during the flowering phase and on grain yield, but on soil fertilized with PhosAgro NPK increased mass of straw by 28%. The introduction of PhosAgro NPK into the soil reduced the accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs by 3.7 times in crude biomass and 4.1 times in oat grain, respectively. The use of Gumiton reduced the content of ¹³⁷Cs in green mass of oats by 8% on soil fertilized with PhosAgro NPK compared with the option without using the drug. Use of Gumiton in control reduced Accumulation coefficient (AC¹³⁷Cs) in grain by 7%. On chernozem, the introduction of PhosAgro NPK into the soil contributed to a significant increase in the crude biomass of oats by 37%, grain by 28, and straw by 87%, respectively. The use of Gumiton increased the weight of grain by 6%, straw – by 31.5%. Gumiton treatment of plants in the PhosAgro NPK variant increased the crude biomass of oats by 7%, grain weight by 9, and straw weight by 8% compared with the variant without the drug, respectively. The introduction of PhosAgro NPK into the soil reduced the accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs by 2.2 times in crude biomass and 2.0 times in oat grain, respectively. The use of Gumiton in control reduced the accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs by green oat mass by 26% and grain mass by 6%, and on soil containing PhosAgro NPK – by 17 and 7%, compared with the variants without the use of drug. AC¹³⁷Cs in both vegetative mass and oat grain, on average 4 times lower on uncomfortable and 2.0-2.2 times lower on fertilized PhosAgro NPK chernozem compared to the same options on soddy-podzolic soil. Organo-mineral complex Gumiton is an effective agrochemicals for increasing the productivity of oats and reducing the intake of ¹³⁷Cs into products on 2 contrasting types of soils under conditions of radioactive contamination.

Keywords: Gumiton, PhosAgro NPK, soddy-podzolic soil, ordinary chernozem, oats, productivity, ¹³⁷Cs accumulation.

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Dementieva N.V., Kuznetsov V.K., Kurbakov D.N., Sarukhanov А.V. (kirichuk-aa@rudn.ru, Fumrostov@mail.ru, m2889888@mail.ru, h.amerhanov@yandex.ru)

Mobility and accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs in grain crops from soddy-podzolic soil during application of complex fertilizers̆

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-014

The results of a vegetation experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of Borofoska, Nitroborofoska and Suprodit-M and their effect on yield, mobility and accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs in grain crops from soddy-podzolic sandy loam soil are presented. The use of Borofoska in different doses contributed to an increase in barley biomass by 16-28% and a 2.9-6.2-fold decrease in the transfer of ¹³⁷Cs to plants compared with the control. The similar effectiveness of Suprodit-M and Nitroborofoska reaches 3 times.

Keywords: ¹³⁷Cs, soddy-podzolic soil, transfer factor, biomass.

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HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Zagoruyko M.V., Makarov O.A., Kubarev E.N. (miho2000@mail.ru, oa_makarov@mail.ru, kubarevmsu@mail.ru)

About the historical formation of the Educational-Experimental Soil-Ecological Center «Chashnikovo» as a research unit of Lomonosov Moscow State University

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-015

The article is devoted to the description of organizational, scientific and practical steps, due to which scientific research in the educational and experimental soil and ecological center Chashnikovo (Lomonosov Moscow State University) became possible in the past and is successfully continuing at the present time. Despite the structural changes in the management system of Moscow University and the adjustment of production priorities in the activities of the agrobiostation Chashnikovo, scientific activity has always been given an important role. The existing laboratory of soil and environmental monitoring carries out the budget research topic "Agrochemical, ecotoxicological and ecological-economic assessment of soils in the Northern Moscow region". The prospects for the development of scientific research at Chashnikovo are largely associated with the development of the Chashnikovo carbon landfill, where low-carbon environmental management strategies, reforestation and agronomic technologies aimed at long-term deposition of atmospheric carbon in the forest, floodplain and agricultural landscapes of the southern taiga of the European territory of Russia are being developed.

Keywords: agrobiostation, soil and environmental monitoring, assessment of soil degradation and pollution, Moscow region, carbon landfill.

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REVIEW

Makarov O.A., Demidov V.V., Abdulkhanova D.R., Kubarev E.N. (demidov951@yandex.ru, dina_msu@mail.ru, oa_makarov@mail.ru, kubarevmsu@mail.ru)

Features of soil functioning and development

DOI 10.24412/1029-2551-2025-4-016

The analysis of those aspects of the functioning and development of soils that have not been sufficiently covered in the scientific literature is presented. It is shown that the soil, as a natural body, on the one hand, obeys the internal laws of self-development (in particular, the erasure of litho-memory and the development of pedomemory during one stage/spurt of evolution), on the other hand, exposed to various (including anthropogenic) factors of influence, theoretically, all types of nonlinear dynamic behavior are characteristic. It is also noted that none of the factors of soil formation changes in space «linearly». Various factors of soil formation, for all their equal importance for the soil formation process as a whole, in different cases have not only different directions of action, but also different «strengths» (the magnitude of the gradient of change in space). It is shown that in the soil, which has plasticity due to stresses and deformations arising under the influence of various «external» and «internal» forces, processes of introduction and removal of soil material and pedoturbation processes occur, which determine the flow of soils. This soil flow «interrupts» the cycles of soil formation, «rejuvenating» the soil and slowing down the overall evolution of the soil cover or «letting it go» along an unpredictable path. The content of the main sections of the article allows us to give the following definition of soil: soil is a cyclic terrestrial biaxial elastic-viscous «flow» body that functions non-linearly in time and space.

Keywords: soil functioning, nonlinearity in time and space, elastic-viscous plasticity, cyclic processes, soil flow.